Tolkien

Lake-Town represents advanced capitalism under the merchant-class Master, who manipulates democratic sentiment for political gain. When Thorin arrives claiming kingship, popular discontent with economic decline forces the Master to support their hopeless dragon mission—a cheap foreign adventure to distract from domestic problems. His media manipulation through commissioned songs shows how bourgeois democracies co-opt popular resistance movements

The Elven King rules an underground hierarchical society with dungeons, class distinctions and property rights enforced through state coercion. Bilbo’s invisible reconnaissance reveals power structures, developing his political consciousness through dialectical experience as he learns to resist bourgeois illusions about authority.

Mirkwood’s malevolent darkness absorbs light itself,inherent evil rather than mere absence of illumination. It contains Tolkien’s favourite villains, giant spiders.Bilbo’s spider-slaying marks his heroic transformation to someone able to help his fellow travellers.

Beorn controls his own means of production through honey-making and foraging. His Arts and Crafts style hall echoes William Morris’s medieval socialist ideals. He needs to work on how he treats his staff though.

Tolkien’s eagles rescue the party from certain death by wargs and goblins. Though morally ambiguous—stealing sheep while helping heroes—they function as Tolkien’s ultimate plot-fixing device when characters face impossible situations.

Bilbo’s underground riddle contest with Gollum became the archetypal Dungeons & Dragons scenario—a lone adventurer solving puzzles to escape danger. We also see Tolkien’s pre-scientific worldview with Lamarckian evolution (“the more you use it the bigger it gets”) and Platonic light-emitting vision.